Modele architektoniczne: kompletny przewodnik

C 1.1: Definicja modeli architektonicznych

Wszyscy wiemy, że umiejętności architektów są kluczem do sukcesu każdego projektu w zakresie modelarstwa.

Ale sam projekt nie jest jedynym kluczowym aspektem. Komunikacja w trakcie procesu projektowania jest również niezbędna dla projektu budowlanego.

Architekci muszą wziąć pod uwagę, w jaki sposób projekt zostanie przeniesiony z planu na realizację.

Dzięki temu trójwymiarowe modele architektoniczne mogą być wykorzystywane do wyrażania projektów architektów.

The luxury architectural 3D model making project-Opus Hong Kong

Model architektoniczny to trójwymiarowy obiekt fizyczny prezentujący skalowane wersje istniejących lub historycznych budynków.

Uważa się go również za obiekt piękna.

C 1.2: Historia modeli architektonicznych

Architectural models have been used for thousands of years, although their purpose has changed considerably over time. Early fired-clay building models dating to around 4600 BC were often symbolic or funerary objects rather than design tools.

Pottery building models also appeared in Han dynasty China. During the Renaissance, physical models became increasingly important for studying and presenting architectural proposals, particularly as buildings became more complex.

By the twentieth century, architects were also using conceptual models to explore form, space and experimental design ideas.

Today, physical models continue to support architectural design and communication, but digital design, laser cutting, CNC machining and 3D printing have significantly changed how professional models are developed and fabricated.

C 1.3: Ewolucja modeli architektonicznych

Modele architektoniczne są doskonałymi narzędziami do ucieleśniania idei projektów.

Modelarze wybierają materiały, aby pasowały do dokładnych szczegółów fasady. Tworzą przestrzeń wewnętrzną, aby była autentyczna.

Niektórzy modelarze tworzą abstrakcyjne makiety, aby zaprezentować niemożliwe do zrealizowania projekty wizjonerskich propozycji.

Modele te spełniają wizualne pragnienia publiczności, jak np. Endless House Kieslera.

Obecnie, wraz z komputerowym wspomaganiem projektowania i zaawansowanym oprogramowaniem do modelowania architektonicznego, rozwija się inżynieria oprogramowania.

Na przykład maszyny do cięcia laserowego i druk 3D pozwalają na tworzenie modeli o wysokiej jakości, z niespotykanym dotąd poziomem szczegółowości i precyzji.

Modele architektoniczne stanowią zaraźliwy i ekspresyjny język sztuki.

W szczególności modele prezentacyjne można wykorzystać w planowaniu urbanistycznym i projektowaniu architektonicznym.

Należą do nich: domy, ośrodki wypoczynkowe, model szkoły oraz innych obiektów i budynków użyteczności publicznej itp.

Model prezentacyjny można wykorzystać w planowaniu urbanistycznym.

Aby sprostać szybkiemu rozwojowi dywersyfikacji branży budowlanej, modele te pokazują klientom cechy projektu.

Na przykład konstrukcja, otoczenie, oświetlenie i wentylacja wewnątrz budynku.

Tworzenie modelu architektonicznego bez błędów staje się pilną koniecznością.

Ponadto, biorąc pod uwagę obecne globalne problemy środowiskowe i zrównoważony rozwój.

Ważne jest rozwijanie zielonych technologii, obejmujących m.in. przetwarzanie materiałów modelowych i metody tworzenia modeli architektonicznych.

Wyniki i zastosowania modeli architektonicznych stale się udoskonalają i stają się innowacyjne.

Oznacza to, że twórczość architektoniczna nadal będzie opierać się na modelach architektonicznych.

Architectural models support different decisions at different stages of a project, from early design review to sales, public communication, investment discussions and planning.

C 2.1: Komunikacja i przegląd

Architectural models help design teams and clients understand massing, spatial relationships, building form and site context in three dimensions. They can also make design issues easier to identify before later project stages.

C 2.2: Sprzedaż i marketing

For real-estate developments, a physical model can help potential buyers and investors understand the building, unit locations, entrances, landscaping and surrounding environment before construction is complete.

Model architektoniczny dla sprzedaży i marketingu

C 2.3: Publiczne wyświetlanie i wskazówki

Models can explain large or complex developments to visitors and the public, particularly when the relationship between buildings, landscape, circulation and surrounding areas is difficult to understand from drawings alone.

Model lokalizacji do wskazania

C 2.4: Zbieranie funduszy

A physical model can support investor, stakeholder or donor presentations by making a proposed development easier to understand and discuss.

Model witryny do zbierania funduszy

C 2.5: Zatwierdzenie projektów budowlanych i pozwolenia

Where a physical model is requested or useful, it can help planning authorities and project stakeholders evaluate a proposal in relation to its site, neighbouring development and wider context.

Model hotelu Ritz Carton w Moskwie

C 2.6: Abstrakcyjna i przyszła idea architektoniczna

Conceptual models allow architects and designers to explore forms, spatial ideas and proposals that are still evolving or may not yet be intended for immediate construction.

Model abstrakcyjny

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, współcześnie modele architektoniczne można klasyfikować na typy w zależności od ich zastosowania.

C 3.1: Modele architektoniczne klasyfikowane według zastosowań

C 3.1.1: Model w skali koncepcyjnej

Conceptual models are used during the early stages of design to explore massing, proportion, spatial relationships and the relationship between a proposed building and its site.

They are usually simplified so that ideas can be tested and changed quickly rather than presented as finished architecture.

Materials such as board, foam and other easily worked materials may be used when speed and flexibility are more important than fine detail.

The value of a conceptual model is not realism. Its purpose is to help the design team compare ideas and understand the overall direction of a project.

Przykład modelu koncepcyjnego

C 3.1.2: Działające modele w skali

Working models are used as a design develops. They allow architects and project teams to test particular relationships, forms, façade treatments, components or construction ideas in greater detail than a conceptual model. Because they may be handled, modified or reviewed repeatedly, their materials and construction are often more durable than those used for quick early-stage studies.

A working model does not need to look like a finished presentation model. Its value lies in helping the team investigate a design problem, compare alternatives and refine decisions before the final design is presented.

Przykład działającego modelu

C 3.1.3: Prezentacja modeli w skali

Presentation models communicate a developed architectural proposal to clients, decision-makers, buyers or the public. Compared with conceptual and working models, they normally place greater emphasis on finish, accuracy and the visual information needed for the intended presentation.

Depending on the project, a presentation model may include detailed façades, landscape, lighting, interior elements, roads, people, vehicles or interactive features. The appropriate level of detail should be determined by the model’s scale, viewing distance and presentation purpose rather than by adding as much detail as possible.

Przykład modelu prezentacji, Ain Dubaj

RJ Models’ Ain Dubai model is one example of a presentation model used to communicate a major development through a physical three-dimensional representation.

C 3.2: Modele architektoniczne klasyfikowane według funkcji

3.2.1: Model planu głównego

Master plan models show how buildings, roads, landscape, infrastructure and development zones relate across a larger site. They are useful for urban planning, development presentations, public consultation and real-estate marketing, where the relationship between individual buildings and the wider environment is more important than fine façade detail. RJ Models’ Doha City Planning Model was produced at 1:1000, measuring 26,000 × 26,000 mm, to communicate the future development of Doha, including new landmarks and the relationships between different districts.

Model planu głównego

Some city and master plan models incorporate interactive features when the presentation requires them. These may include controlled lighting, touchscreens, projection or zone-based illumination. For example, RJ Models’ Istanbul Urban Planning Model was designed to synchronize with a projector to help viewers understand the city’s layout. Interactive features should therefore be selected according to the presentation purpose rather than treated as a standard requirement for every city model.

 

3.2.2: Model budynku biurowego

Office building models are used to communicate tower form, façade design, building entrances, podiums and the relationship between commercial buildings and their surroundings. Depending on the presentation purpose, they may also include lighting, landscape and interior indications. RJ Models created the 1:100 Swiss Re Tower model for Foster + Partners, measuring 500 × 500 × 1500 mm. The model focused on the tower’s distinctive curved form and complex multi-layered glass façade.

Model budynku biurowego

3.2.3: Model budynku mieszkalnego

Residential building models help developers, architects and buyers understand building form, apartment locations, entrances, amenities, landscaping and the overall living environment. They are commonly used for design presentations and real-estate marketing. RJ Models’ 1:100 Opus Hong Kong model, measuring 1200 × 1200 mm, reproduced Frank Gehry’s distinctive residential tower design while using façade materials and landscaping to communicate the architectural character of the project.

Model budynku mieszkalnego

C 3.2.4: Model willi

Villa models are usually produced at relatively large scales so that viewers can understand both the exterior architecture and, when required, interior spaces. Removable roofs, lighting, furniture, swimming pools and landscaping can be added according to the presentation purpose. For a villa project in KSA, RJ Models produced a 1:25 model measuring 1200 × 1200 mm, including detailed interiors, lighting, a swimming pool and surrounding landscape to communicate the residential experience.

Model willi

C 3.2.5: Model centrum handlowego

Shopping mall models help explain entrances, circulation, retail zones, façades, public spaces and the relationship between the mall and surrounding development. Lighting and selected interior elements can strengthen sales and investment presentations. RJ Models’ 1:150 Suzhou Center Shopping Mall Model measured 2000 × 800 × 800 mm and reproduced Benoy’s distinctive undulating glass canopy, using 3D printing and integrated lighting to communicate the project’s architectural identity.

Model centrum handlowego

3.2.6: Model hotelu

Hotel models can present the relationship between guest buildings, landscape, pools, recreational facilities and surrounding environments. The appropriate scale depends on whether the presentation focuses on the architecture, the resort master plan or detailed hospitality spaces. RJ Models produced the Madinat Jumeirah Hotel Model in Dubai at 1:400, measuring 2600 × 2600 mm, combining detailed resort buildings, landscaping and lighting to communicate the character of the development.

Model hotelu

3.2.7: Model Stadionu

Stadium models help communicate overall building form, roof structures, seating arrangements, entrances, surrounding facilities and the relationship between the venue and its site. Lighting and miniature spectators can also help demonstrate how the stadium operates during events. RJ Models produced the 1:500 RTA Stadium Model, measuring 2800 × 1500 mm, with separate interior and exterior lighting systems and approximately 3,000 miniature figures to create a realistic event environment.

Model Stadionu

3.2.8: Model parku rozrywki

Theme park models combine architecture, landscape, attractions, circulation and storytelling within one physical display. Because visitors need to understand both the overall park layout and individual attractions, lighting, water features and moving or interactive elements may be incorporated where appropriate. RJ Models’ Dubai Park model was produced at 1:400, measuring 4800 × 4800 mm, and represented more than 100 attractions together with running and flashing lighting effects.

Model parku rozrywki

3.2.9: Model muzeum

Museum models can be used for architectural competitions, design review, exhibitions and public communication. Depending on the design, the model may focus on overall form, structural geometry, internal galleries or the relationship between the building and its site. RJ Models created the 1:300 Yinchuan Museum Model for WAA, measuring 1200 × 1100 mm. Its monochrome presentation emphasized the building’s complex ribbon-like, double-curved architectural form rather than surrounding detail.

Model muzeum

3.2.10: Model przemysłowy

Industrial models explain facilities, production areas, equipment, circulation and operational relationships that can be difficult to understand from drawings alone. They may be used for exhibitions, technical presentations, training or stakeholder communication. RJ Models produced the 1:120 Macallan New Distillery model in Scotland, measuring 2500 × 1400 mm, using advanced fabrication methods to reproduce the project’s distinctive flowing, grass-covered roof and its relationship with the surrounding landscape.

Model fabryczny

3.2.11: Model stoczniowy

Shipyard models show how workshops, warehouses, docks, slipways, vessels and other production areas work together across a large industrial site. They can support public presentations, operational explanation and development communication. RJ Models produced the Baku Shipyard Model in Azerbaijan at 1:750, measuring 2700 × 1500 mm. The model was developed from project drawings and reference photographs and used to communicate the shipyard development in a public-display setting.

Model stoczniowy

3.2.12: Model lotniska

Airport models can focus on terminal architecture, passenger circulation, airport infrastructure or the relationship between an airport and the wider city. The required scale changes significantly depending on the information being presented. RJ Models created a 1:5000 model of Abu Dhabi International Airport’s Midfield Terminal Complex for KPF, measuring 1600 × 1500 mm. At this scale, roads, traffic systems, airport-city development and landscape were prioritized while the terminal architecture was carefully simplified.

Model lotniska

3.2.13: Model wnętrza

Interior models allow viewers to understand room layouts, circulation, furniture, finishes and spatial relationships that may be difficult to judge from plans or renderings alone. Larger scales are normally used when interior details are important. RJ Models produced a 1:40 clubhouse interior model in Mumbai, measuring 2000 × 1600 × 800 mm. The model included detailed recreational spaces, lighting and a lift-up function that allowed viewers to inspect the interior arrangement of different floors.

Model wnętrza

3.2.14: Model krajobrazu

Landscape models place greater emphasis on terrain, vegetation, water features, paths and outdoor spaces than on architectural detail. They can help designers and clients evaluate how buildings interact with the natural and designed environment. RJ Models produced a 1:100 residential landscape model in Dubai, measuring 2400 × 2200 mm, featuring waterfalls, infinity pools, artificial lakes, rockwork and extensive vegetation to communicate the project’s tropical landscape concept.

Model krajobrazu

C 4.1: How Professional Model Makers Choose Materials

Architectural models rarely rely on a single material. Material selection depends on the model’s purpose, scale, required level of detail, surface finish, lighting, durability, handling and transportation requirements. Professional model makers therefore combine different materials according to the role each component must perform rather than selecting materials only by appearance.

C 5.1: Wybór skal modeli architektonicznych

Modele w skali można uznać za niezbędne w zawodzie architekta.

Istnieje wiele różnych skal modeli architektonicznych.

Zazwyczaj fizyczny model architektoniczny jest pomniejszony w porównaniu do rzeczywistej wielkości budynku.

Modele architektoniczne w skali 1:80, Miasto Marzeń autorstwa Zaha Hadid

 

Choosing the right architectural model scale is not simply a matter of making the model fit on a table. Scale determines the physical size of the model, the amount of detail that can be represented, how viewers experience it, and how easily the finished model can be transported and installed.

The appropriate scale should therefore be selected according to the model’s purpose, the real dimensions of the project, the required level of detail, viewing distance, display space, delivery route, budget and deadline. A larger scale can show more detail, while a smaller scale is usually more suitable for presenting large sites, master plans and urban relationships.

How Architectural Model Scale Is Calculated

Model dimension = Real dimension ÷ Scale denominator

For example, a 100 m building would be represented at approximately 1 m at 1:100, 500 mm at 1:200 and 200 mm at 1:500.

Note: 1:50 is a larger scale than 1:500. A larger scale uses a smaller denominator and allows more physical space for visible detail.

How Scale Changes What the Model Can Show

Scale Range	Typical Purpose	Information Priority
1:10–1:50	Interior, façade and detail models	Materials, furniture, components and fine architectural detail
1:50–1:200	Building presentation	Façades, openings, building form and landscape
1:200–1:500	Development and site models	Building relationships, roads, podiums and site context
1:500–1:1000	Master plans and large sites	Massing, infrastructure, landscape and development zones
1:1000+	City and regional models	Urban relationships, planning structure and major landmarks

Scale, Model Size and Transport

Scale also affects how an architectural model can be packed, transported and installed, but the scale ratio alone does not determine the logistics. The finished model dimensions are often more important. Historical RJ Models commercial records include a 1:250 model approximately 2.8 × 5 m specified for air-freight delivery to Istanbul; a 1:300 model measuring 1750 × 730 × 680 mm with delivery by two model makers and installation in Dubai; and a 1:500 master plan model measuring 1600 × 1280 × 930 mm with two technicians together with flight and excess-baggage arrangements. These examples show why logistics should be reviewed before the final scale and model footprint are fixed.

For large models, packing dimensions, modular construction, transport method and installation requirements should be reviewed before production begins.

C 5.2:Skalowanie zorientowane na cel

Generalnie, można tworzyć modele architektoniczne w zależności od potrzeb reprezentacji.

Innymi słowy, głównym celem wyboru właściwej skali jest nadanie modelowi możliwie najbardziej przekonującego wyglądu.

Klienci powinni wyjaśnić, na jakim etapie projektu potrzebna jest reprezentacja.

Na etapie projektowania zaleca się wykorzystanie modeli architektonicznych.

Working models are useful during design development, while presentation models are more suitable for the final design stage.

C 5.3: Rozważanie warunków i kosztów modelu architektonicznego

C 5.3.1: Doświadczenie oglądania

Po pierwsze, kolejną ważną kwestią, którą należy wziąć pod uwagę, jest miejsce, w którym będą prezentowane makiety architektoniczne.

Zadbaj o to, aby modele miały wystarczająco dużo miejsca do oglądania na wystawach, unikając jednocześnie zbyt ubogiej ekspozycji.

C 5.3.2: Transport

W niektórych przypadkach modele architektoniczne trzeba często przenosić z miejsca na miejsce.

Szczególnie istotna jest skala i waga modeli.

Modele architektoniczne dla marketingu powinny dobrze wpasowywać się w pakiet marketingowy.

C 5.3.3: Budżet i termin

Budget and deadlines are important when selecting a scale because highly detailed models generally require more production time and cost.

C 5.4: Wybór skali i rozmiaru

Skala decyduje o poziomie szczegółowości, jaki można przedstawić.

Wielkoskalowe modele architektoniczne charakteryzują się bardzo widoczną szczegółowością.

Im mniejsza liczba wskaźnika skali, tym większy model, a to oznacza, że można zilustrować więcej szczegółów.

Ponadto wiele elementów scenerii jest produkowanych wstępnie w fabrykach przemysłowych.

Wykorzystanie gotowych elementów scenerii

Dlatego należy zastanowić się, czy wybrana skala będzie odpowiadać standardowym skalom stosowanym w branży modelarskiej.

C 5.5: Common Architectural Model Scale Ranges

1:10–1:50 — Detail, Interior and Façade Models

At these larger scales, individual architectural components can be represented with greater clarity. They are suitable when the viewer needs to understand façade materials, windows, doors, furniture, interior finishes or construction details. The available level of detail still depends on the model’s purpose and physical size rather than scale alone.

Modele wnętrz

Interior models are generally produced at larger scales when room layout, furniture, finishes and spatial relationships need to be clearly understood. Scales around 1:5 to 1:25 can provide enough physical space to represent detailed furniture, fixtures, materials and interior features, while smaller scales may be used when the primary purpose is to communicate the overall layout rather than individual finishes.

The appropriate scale should depend on what the viewer needs to understand. A sales presentation may require realistic furniture and lighting, while a design-review model may focus more on circulation, room relationships and removable walls or roofs.

For projects where the arrangement of an entire floor is more important than detailed finishes, layout models at approximately 1:50 to 1:100 can provide a clearer overview of room organisation and circulation.

1:50–1:200 — Building, Section and Presentation Models

These scales are commonly suitable for individual buildings where architectural form, façades, openings, landscape and selected interior elements need to remain visible. Section models can also use this range when the purpose is to explain internal spatial relationships, floor levels or structural organisation.

1:200–1:500 — Development and Site Models

At these scales, the emphasis begins to shift from individual components to the relationship between buildings and their surroundings. Roads, podiums, landscape, neighbouring buildings and overall site organisation become increasingly important, while very small façade details may need to be simplified.

1:500–1:1000 — Master Plan and Large-Site Models

These scales are suitable when the model needs to communicate a large development, campus or master plan within a manageable physical footprint. Building massing, roads, infrastructure, landscape and development zones normally take priority over detailed architectural components.

1:1000 and Smaller — City and Regional Models

For city-scale or very large planning models, the primary purpose is usually to show urban relationships rather than individual building details. Major landmarks, road networks, development areas, terrain and planning structure can remain identifiable, while smaller buildings may be simplified into massing forms.

These ranges are practical starting points rather than fixed rules. The final scale should be selected only after considering the project dimensions, information to be communicated, display space, transport requirements, budget and programme.

C 5.6: How to Make the Final Scale Decision

The right architectural model scale should be selected by working backward from what the model needs to communicate. Start with the project’s real dimensions and presentation purpose, then determine the level of detail viewers need to see. From there, check whether the resulting model dimensions are practical for the available display space, packing, transportation and installation.

A larger scale is not automatically better. If the model becomes too large for its purpose, the additional detail may create unnecessary production, transport and display constraints. Conversely, a scale that is too small may remove information that is essential to the presentation.

The final decision is therefore a balance between purpose, detail, physical size, viewing experience, logistics, budget and deadline.

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Written by Tom Cheng
15+ years of architectural model project coordination, delivery and installation experience.