{"id":978,"date":"2025-04-11T11:54:25","date_gmt":"2025-04-11T11:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rjmodels.com.hk\/?p=978"},"modified":"2026-04-21T03:20:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T03:20:18","slug":"huong-dan-ve-mo-hinh-kien-truc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rjmodels.com.hk\/vi\/huong-dan-ve-mo-hinh-kien-truc\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/h1>
\"M\u00f4<\/div>
<\/p>\n
M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c cho ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 trong m\u01a1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac!<\/div>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n
C 1. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"Ch\u1ee9c<\/a><\/div>\n
C 2. <\/a>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"C\u00e1c<\/a><\/div>\n
C 3. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"V\u1eadt<\/a><\/div>\n
C 4. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"C\u00e1ch<\/a><\/div>\n
C 5. C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1:<\/div>

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>
\"M\u00f4<\/div>
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C 1.1: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sang c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd 3D c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

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D\u1ef1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p-Opus H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ba chi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

C 1.2: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 4600 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m tang l\u1ec5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac 3D s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c l\u1ea7u g\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac 3D \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Theo th\u1eddi gian, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Basilica Santa Maria del Fiore.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Basilica Santa Maria del Fiore n\u0103m 1418<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

C 1.3: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t sao cho ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cNg\u00f4i nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn\u201d c\u1ee7a Kiesler.<\/p>\n

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\"Ng\u00f4i<\/div>\n

Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 V\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Fredrick Kiesler n\u0103m 1959<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 M\u00e1y t\u00ednh (CAD) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00e1y c\u1eaft laser v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in 3D c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 trung th\u1ef1c cao v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00f4 song.<\/p>\n

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V\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00f4 song.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf<\/a>, khu ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/a>,\u00a0m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c, v.v.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 b\u00ean trong t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, sau khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 xanh, bao g\u1ed3m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2:<\/div>

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>
\"Ch\u1ee9c<\/div>
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Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n, thi c\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

C 2.1: Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng quan<\/h3>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh dung thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd 2D<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng quan (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet).<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u00fap ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 2.2: B\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u0103n h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u00e0 \u1edf d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i h\u1ed3n v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 2.3: Th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/h3>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trang web cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean gi\u00fap du kh\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham quan tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 2.4: G\u00e2y qu\u1ef9<\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trang web d\u00e0nh cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 2.5: Ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/h3>\n

C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh khu \u0111\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c xin gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c xin c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Ritz-Carlton t\u1ea1i Moscow<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 2.6: T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h3>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh dung ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3:<\/div>

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0o?<\/h2>
\"C\u00f3<\/div>
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
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Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.
\nN\u00f3i chung, ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

C 3.1: C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n

C 3.1.1: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng gian, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m t\u1eeb x\u1ed1p v\u00e0 b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 3.1.2: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/h4>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/span><\/span>
\nV\u00e0 d<\/span>Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i, b\u00ea t\u00f4ng, v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 3.1.3: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y<\/h4>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1eeb quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ph\u00f2ng m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, Ain Dubai<\/a><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng l\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 3.2: C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/h2>\n

C 3.2.1: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/a><\/h4>\n
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Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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V\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m quy ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, quy ho\u1ea1ch giao th\u00f4ng, v.v.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cM\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Quy ho\u1ea1ch Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Doha\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 1.000 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac thu nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Doha.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 3.2.2: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/a><\/h4>\n

Nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft cao.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng gi\u00fap hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan xung quanh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 3.2.3: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u1edf d\u00e2n c\u01b0<\/a><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c xin ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi c\u00f4ng, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 xin \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 \u1edf d\u00e2n c\u01b0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u0111i, l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho ph\u00f2ng kinh doanh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

C3.2.4: M\u1eabu bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1<\/a><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ecf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 1:25, 1:50.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a s\u00e0n l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u1eabu bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

N\u00f3i chung, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n \u00edch kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u mua nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

C3.2.5: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/a><\/h4>\n

Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn kinh doanh. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n l\u1ebb lu\u00f4n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n n\u1ec1n, b\u1ea3ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o LED, v.v. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.6: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n<\/a><\/h4>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u00fa ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft tinh x\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phun n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ec3 b\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.7: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/a><\/h4>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111ang m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m do m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ea3m c\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng khi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.8: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed<\/a><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u1eb1m k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c khu vui ch\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ua t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i ma qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.9: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng<\/a><\/h4>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u1ede nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.10: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy m\u00f4 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/a><\/h4>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i, v.v.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u1eabu nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 tuabin gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3nh quan, xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.11: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u<\/a><\/h4>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng linh ki\u1ec7n, khu v\u1ef1c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7, khu v\u1ef1c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, khu v\u1ef1c gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i, v.v.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u<\/a> minh h\u1ecda to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.12: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay<\/a><\/h4>\n

Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u00e2n bay, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n bay cho c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u00e2n bay.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00e2y qu\u1ef9, thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay tr\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2n bay<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103n, th\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 ga h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ga h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n s\u00e2n bay, c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n b\u00e1o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i m\u00e1y bay. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e8n hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.13: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/a><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian b\u00ean trong. Ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n trang tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua nh\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

C 3.2.14: M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan<\/a><\/h4>\n

N\u00f3i chung, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Sau khi thu nh\u1ecf quy m\u00f4 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ecdi k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn li\u00ean quan xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4:<\/div>

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>
\"V\u1eadt<\/div>
<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
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C 4.1: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ba chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C 4.2: C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng 75% m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nh\u1ef1a, x\u1ed1p v\u00e0 g\u1ed7, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u mua s\u1eb5n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u00edch gi\u00e1c quan, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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\"M\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng phai m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

C 4.3: Nh\u1ef1a<\/h2>\n

C 4.3.1: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)<\/h4>\n

ABS<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong acetone, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 khay in \u2013 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng \u2013 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y in c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ef1a ABS \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1ef1a acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 4.3.2: Acrylic<\/h4>\n

T\u1ea5m acrylic l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a nh\u1eb9, d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m acrylic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng acrylic \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y laser \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

C4.3.3: Polyamide<\/h4>\n

Polyamide<\/a> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a in 3D kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb polyamide th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in b\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh nung k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng laser c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc<\/a> C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 in (SLS).<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng polyamide (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

C 4.3.4: T\u1ea5m polyvinyl clorua (PVC)<\/h4>\n

T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng PVC l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea5m c\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb Nh\u1ef1a PVC<\/a> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n

C 4.4: G\u1ed7<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y g\u1ed7<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

C 4.4.1: G\u1ed7 b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h4>\n

G\u1ed7 b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 d\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e2n m\u1ecbn.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 g\u1ed7 c\u00e2y b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u1eeda ra v\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u1ed7 b\u1ea1ch d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t thu nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

C 4.4.2: G\u1ed7 balsa<\/h4>\n

G\u1ed7 balsa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u00e2n g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1eaft, s\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00e0 nh\u00e1m n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 khung s\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 balsa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 v\u00e2n c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 balsa tr\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

C 4.4.3: V\u00e1n s\u1ee3i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh (MDF)<\/h4>\n

MDF t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng d\u00e0y. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb5n, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e1n MDF l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebf cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C 4.4.4: S\u00e0n g\u1ed7 b\u1ea7n<\/h4>\n

S\u00e0n g\u1ed7 b\u1ea7n mang l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1edd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00eam \u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb s\u00e0n g\u1ed7 b\u1ea7n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

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  1. S\u00e0n g\u1ed7 b\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.<\/li>\n
  2. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi v\u1ebft \u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
  3. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb phai m\u00e0u.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    C 4.5: Gi\u1ea5y<\/h2>\n

    C 4.5.1: B\u00eca c\u1ee9ng<\/h4>\n

    B\u00eca c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    Nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00ean nhau.<\/p>\n

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    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    N\u00f3 r\u1ebb ti\u1ec1n, d\u1ec5 mang theo, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    C 4.5.2: B\u00eca Kraft<\/h4>\n

    Khi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, b\u00eca kraft l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng b\u00eca kraft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n

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    \"M\u00f4<\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u00eca kraft (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft t\u1ea5m b\u00eca kraft cho ph\u1eb3ng phiu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c m\u00e9p tr\u00f4ng th\u1eadt m\u1ecbn m\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

    Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

    C 4.6: B\u1ecdt<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ecdt x\u1ed1p r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i x\u1ed1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 x\u1ed1p polystyrene, t\u1ea5m x\u1ed1p n\u00e9n v\u00e0 x\u1ed1p m\u00e0u xanh.<\/p>\n

    Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5m x\u1ed1p n\u00e9n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ecdt x\u1ed1p m\u00e0u xanh lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u01a1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1ed1p b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1n h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    C 4.6.1: T\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t<\/h4>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

    V\u00e0 t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 x\u00e1m, h\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

    Lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u n\u00e2u c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00f4 r\u00e1p v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo h\u01a1n, n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"T\u1ea5m<\/div>\n

    T\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 c\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb9 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng do c\u00e1c m\u00e9p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

    Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e9p v\u00e0 g\u00f3c do t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    C 4.6.2: T\u1ea5m Gator Board<\/h4>\n

    Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m x\u1ed1p l\u00f5i, t\u1ea5m Gator d\u1ec5 thi c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

    V\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 c\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng dao.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"M\u00f4<\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5m gator board (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5m gator board l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5m l\u00f3t cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1edbp l\u00f3t ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111ang kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n

    C 4.7: K\u00ednh<\/h2>\n

    Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eaft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    <\/div>\n
    \"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

    N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    C 4.8: Kim lo\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m cho m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n, khung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, c\u00f2n gia c\u00f4ng phay CNC \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 th\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Phay CNC<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kim lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    C 4.9: \u0110\u1ea5t s\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u1ebbo<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m<\/a> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ea5t s\u00e9t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eb7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

    Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"M\u00f4<\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb internet)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, sau khi c\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m d\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0o n\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

    Khi ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ed1c l\u00f5m.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 g\u1eafn ch\u00fang l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

    C 4.10: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

    C 4.10.1: T\u00fai c\u1ecf th\u00f4 m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm<\/h4>\n

    M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00fai c\u1ecf th\u00f4 m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u1ecf th\u1ea5p, l\u00e1 c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e1m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

    C 4.10.2: T\u00fai x\u00e1ch m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y r\u1eebng<\/h4>\n

    Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00fai c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cao nh\u01b0 b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y, c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh quan thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    N\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ecf cho c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    C 4.10.3: T\u1ee5 t\u1eadp<\/h4>\n

    S\u1ee3i l\u00f4ng t\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n c\u1ecf trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u1ecf gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

    C 4.11: C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh quan<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh quan l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1eeda, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 m\u00e1i thu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"C\u00e1c<\/div>\n
    <\/div>\n

    C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh quan nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 so s\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

    C 4.12: K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf 3D.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \n
    Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5:<\/div>

    C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>
    \"C\u00e1ch<\/div>
    <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    C 5.1: L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong ngh\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"\"<\/a>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:80, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Zaha Hadid<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Khi l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    C 5.2: M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/h2>\n

    N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f9y theo nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"m\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    V\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    C 5.3: Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

    C 5.3.1: Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m xem<\/h4>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y qu\u00e1 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt.<\/p>\n

    C 5.3.2: Giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i<\/h4>\n

    Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

    \"m\u00f4<\/a>C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e0nh cho ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

    C 5.3.3: Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n<\/h4>\n

    Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    C 5.4: Ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n

    T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    Ngo\u00e0i ra, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"m\u00f4<\/a><\/div>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t li\u1ec7u thang \u0111o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thang \u0111o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong ng\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    C 5.5: C\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

    C 5.5.1: 1:1-25 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/h4>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1:10 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt<\/h4>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eadt th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n

    M\u1eabu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/h4>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1:1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1:10.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 xe m\u00e1y tr\u00ean b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"M\u1eabu<\/a><\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u1eef V t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:4<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t<\/h4>\n

    1:5 \u0111\u1ebfn 1:25 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/a> r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed ph\u00f2ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    \"\"<\/a><\/div>\n

    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 1:5<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n